Title: SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine sequences circulate in blood up to 28 days after COVID-19 vaccination [Online Library](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/apm.13294)

Journal of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology - the APMIS journal Copenhagen University Hospital CONFLICT OF INTEREST Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Denmark used Pfizer-BioNTech (BTN162b2) Moderna (mRNA-1273) Both code for production of the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mRNA is encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles Non replicating The modified nucleotide sequences allow perfect identification of the vaccine sequences Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection Received mRNA vaccinations To monitor HCV infection, RNA was extracted from patient plasma In 10 of 108 HCV patient samples, full-length or traces of SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine sequences were found in blood, up to 28 days after COVID-19 vaccination - Video with [Professor Hoiby](https://youtube.com/video/hkopHLQjtVQ/edit?o=U).

INTRODUCTION Upon intramuscular injection, the vaccine mRNA is taken up by muscle and immune cells, and transported to the regional lymph nodes, and concentrated in the spleen The vaccines consist of non-replicating mRNA, expected to naturally decompose, both within the cytosol after translation and at the injection site. Half-life of mRNA translation, estimated from hours to a day. Translation is described to span up to 10 days The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) - [Source](https://www.idsociety.org/covid-19-real-time-learning-network/vaccines/mrna-vaccines/#overviewandmechanism)

Vaccine mRNA is degraded quickly, by normal intracellular processes, there is no evidence for long-term detection of mRNA vaccines Method used in Denmark Genotyping whole RNA genome sequencing NCH and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA, directly from plasma samples We describe the unexpected finding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine mRNA sequences Five consecutive sequencing runs (May 2021 to the end of June 2021) Five negative controls and five HCV-positive controls RESULTS Both mRNA vaccine sequences have been modified and are only ~70% identical to the spike reference genome on a nucleotide level, making them distinct from circulating infectious SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Of the 108 patient samples, 10 samples (9.3%) had partial or up to full sequences of the vaccine mRNA sequence DISCUSSION Analysis of mRNA vaccine function has focused on the immune response, and on protection of vaccinated individuals The LNPs have been reported to be rapidly cleared by immune cells, and mRNA rapidly degraded We expect that vaccine mRNA detected in plasma is contained within LNPs To our knowledge, our study is the first to detect Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccine sequences in blood after vaccination, and therefore provides new knowledge regarding the timeframe in which the mRNA can be detected. A future prospective study to establish the half-life of mRNA vaccines in vaccine recipients could be performed (using mRNA vaccine-specific PCRs)

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