How clever engineers made a cheap computer powerful How do you make an underpowered 8 bit CPU seem a bit more capable than it really is? Interrupts! that mechanism where the CPU can be poked and told to do something completely different, then resume whatever it was originally doing as if it'd never stopped. On the Spectrum - and in this instance I mean the original 16K Spectrum - this was done in a typical Sinclair way - cheaply, with as few components as possible, leaving the majority of the work to the programmer. I'm sure Sinclair HQ must have had a sign on their wall saying "if you can do it in software, we can build it cheaper" or something. Let's look at how those devious hardware designers crafted a cheap and functional system that didn't exactly follow the Z80 specs. You see the Spectrum was made to be cheap, like super cheap. Cheaper than any other home micro. And unlike cheap computers of the time, it was designed to be a usable computer. Cheap computers of the time had a nasty habit of being severely crippled in one way or another. Maybe they had barely any RAM, or couldn't do graphics or they were so insanely hard to program for nobody bothered. Maybe the screen blanked out every time you pressed a key. So to make the machine cheap they put in as little hardware as possible. Inside a 48K spectrum there's barely anything. Compare it to a C64 with its SID chip, VIC 2 chip, IO controllers... there's none of that in a spectrum just a big ULA that does everything. So CPUs are machines that follow very precise and mechanical processes. They fetch, decode and execute instructions one at a time. Some instructions take multiple cycles to complete, but it's all very precise. Every time the CPU clock ticks, the CPU does a very specific task. The real world isn't quite as predictable. One way to deal with this is called polling. This is where the machine sits in a loop constantly checking for something interesting happening. Instead of polling, we can configure our devices to trigger interrupts to tell the CPU something needs its attention. The website http://www.z80.info/1653.htm explains how the Z80 is supposed to do interrupts, however Sinclair were in an arms race to build the cheapest computer possible to beat their competitors. That meant using as little hardware as possible, and making the hardware work as cheaply as it could. The website http://www.breakintoprogram.co.uk/computers/zx-spectrum/interrupts explains how the Spectrum does it. It's quite clever. Go and have a look! Credits: Sinclair 48K ZX Spectrum motherboard - Bill Bertram Commodore 64 Rev A. PAL motherboard - Bill Bertram Texas Instruments TI-99 computer - Rama & Musée Bolo Dragon 32 - Liftarn, Editing by: Bill Bertram Byte Magazine, September and October 1982 Bus Queue - Jimmcgovern15 Social Media ============ Twitter: https://twitter.com/ncot_tech Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/ncot_tech Web version: https://ncot.uk/spectrum-next/Clever-engineering-on-a-budget-ZX-Spectrum-Interrupts Chapters ======== 00:00 - Start 00:37 - Brief history of the Spectrum 02:10 - Polling and Interrupts 03:49 - Z80 Interrupts 05:20 - Z80 Interrupt Modes 06:11 - Z80 IM2 09:54 - Final Words #Programming #Z80 Interrupts #ZX Spectrum Video Title: Clever engineering on a budget - ZX Spectrum Interrupts ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ch2eV4xnQw

In this video, you'll learn how to take control of your smart sockets by replacing the firmware with Tasmota, a popular open-source alternative to the stock firmware that many smart home devices come with. By the end of this video, you'll be able to use your smart sockets with Home Assistant, a powerful automation platform that can help you create a truly smart home. Whether you're just starting out with home automation or you're a seasoned DIY enthusiast, you're sure to learn something new in this video. In this video, we'll be using power tools, Tasmota, and Home Assistant to replace the firmware of a smart socket. Throughout the video, I'll give you an overview of the process, showing you how to open up the smart socket and remove the stock firmware, how to flash Tasmota onto the smart socket using a USB-to-serial adapter and how to set up Home Assistant to work with your newly-flashed smart socket. ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WryDSzHt8dc