The Spanish Encomienda was a system of compulsory servitude imposed upon conquered non-Christians. It had its parallels in the taxation and servitude imposed upon Christians during the Moorish conquests of Spain, and was considered a legitimate form of tribute extraction from subjugated people. Spain would go on to inflict unimaginable suffering on indigenous peoples of the New World, until two champions, Dominican monks by the name of Bartolome de las Casas and Antonio de Montesinos stood up for the human rights of indigenous people throughout America. You can view the entire video of Las Casas here: https://youtu.be/uWIDu_4eJNA #encomienda #lascasas #antoniomontesino #montesinos #dominican If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of our full length videos please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IW29QI-1Ls

Amundsen continued in his own relentless quest for experience, so next he volunteered to participate without pay, on a Belgian expedition to the Antarctic, which set sail in 1897. The Belgians at the time were not exactly what you would call a seafaring people, but in the colonial scramble for Africa they had done quite well to carve out a chunk of the Congo and with the sudden interest in Antarctica, they felt it was only fair that the Belgian flag should number among those laying claim to the frozen southern continent. So it was that an expedition quickly materialised – an eclectic, poorly thought out hodge-podge of scholars and sailors, drawn from a number of European countries. It might have seemed a romantic multi-national venture at the time, but few of the party had any arctic experience – save for a couple of Norwegian Sailors and the ships surgeon – American doctor, Frederick Cook. Now Dr Cook was a font of knowledge on the arctic, having accompanied Mathew Peary on his unsuccessful attempt at crossing Greenland in eighteen ninety two. But despite their failure, the two Americans later spent a great deal of time with the Inuit, learning about their clothing, transportation and most importantly, diet. You see, the good doctor was a thinker well ahead of his time. Vitamins, as I’ve mentioned, had yet to be discovered, but he was quick to realise that fresh meat – in particular offal (or internal organs) seemed to stave off the onset of scurvy in the eskimo- who were generally in excellent health, in an environment that European explorers were becoming sick in, and advocated the consumption of seal meat to supplement the diet of explorers. Amundsen knew a master when he saw one, and stuck to him like glue the two becoming close friends. The little Belgian boat eventually wound its way south past Cape Horn and entered dangerous Antarctic waters. The dodgy charts they possessed failed to prevent a near wreckage on a reef, and a sailor had been knocked overboard and lost in a storm. Despite this ominous start, miraculously they got through, and inched their way south into uncharted waters, discovering a passage that would eventually be named after the Captain – De Gerlache Sound. The team of resident scientists eagerly swarmed over islands and rock formations, dragging and man-hauling sleds over the icy crevasses and slippery slopes, collecting samples, all the time lumping heavy equipment ill-suited to the terrain, as they began surveying the newly discovered coastline. Amundsen saw first-hand the exhaustion and inefficiency of this method of transport, and was appalled at the waste of time and resources. While the scholars were busy doing their thing, he and Cook would take this idle time to ski and explore their surrounds, discussing their clothing, the environment, snow quality and comparison with the Arctic, half a world away. Indeed, Amundsen is credited with being the first ever to ski on Antarctica, and noted in his journal how easily he travelled compared to Cook, who was trudging laboriously on snow shoes. But his seal-skin clothing, and reindeer fur hood seemed to be much more comfortable than the gear Amundsen was wearing. He needed to learn more. The Captain had grand plans of navigating a third of the entire continent, but time was against him so he hatched the plan of overwintering there by getting his ship frozen in the ice and drifting south, mirroring what Nansen had done in the north just a short couple of years ago. The trouble was, that they had neither the supplies, nor the equipment to do so, and worse still, none of the crew had signed up for that. No preparation whatsoever – physical let alone psychological – had been made to select participants for such an isolated, dangerous and lonely undertaking in near darkness; so when he intentionally manoeuvred the ship into an ice flow which made the outcome inevitable, a terrible anxiety gripped the crew, which, as the months now dragged on became worsened by the spectre of scurvy that soon appeared. #bélgica #belgica #expedition #amundsen #degerlache #antarctica #antarctique #frederickcook #robertpeary #exploration You can watch the full video on Amundsen: The Quiet Conqueror of the Polar Regions here: https://youtu.be/RFVnzRTc84U If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via PayPal or sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeG_IBDfcmM

The genius of Shakespeare is the way in which he smashed traditional notions of good versus evil by constructing stories whose characters are often stuck between two equally tragic choices, or through dilemmas where there is no clear cut good decision. In stories such as Hamlet, which were originally sourced from Viking tales, the traditional idea of revenge becomes complicated by the Christian moral teaching that revenge makes a victim out of the archetypal "bad guy", and turn the avenger into a mortal sinner. An idea that ancient notions of Heroics simply don't need to grapple with. #shakespeare #hamlet #philosophy #ethics You can watch the full video on Shakespeare here: https://youtu.be/D_QgmPwEYTA All film sources used in this montage remain the respective property of their owners and are used here solely for educational purposes & are gratefully acknowledged. See end credits in the full length video for a list of sources. If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via PayPal or sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPxNxIhVAsc

Few people know about the broader history of Ireland, and its long and tragic relationship with England: the uprisings and repression, the famines and exodus, or the political persecution that condemned activists to rot half way round the world as convicts in the brutal penal colonies of Australia. In this video, we’ll take a brief look at Irish history, its complex historical relationship with Britain, and as an interesting aside, the little known, though extraordinarily daring breakout of Fenian political prisoners from one of colonial Australia’s toughest convict prisons. From the post-Roman period and St Patrick; the Viking raids; the Anglo-Norman conquest, integration and and Tudor Protestant Plantations, through the Nine Years War, The War of the three Kingdoms; the Potato Famine and Fenian rising- aided by American ex-pats who were on a tragic journey of their own; the imprisonment, and escape of of rebels and the eventual push for Home Rule and lasting scars; in this video we examine the broad sweep of the Irish people's struggle for liberty, equality and sovereignty. Join us as we dive into the history of the Irish Problem, Fenian Rebels and the Catalpa rescue. #Irish, #Ireland, #Fenian, #rebels, #Catalpa, #history, #documentary, #stpatrick All footage used in this montage remains the property of its respected creators, is used purely for educational purposes and is gratefully acknowledged in the end credits. Content: 02:22 St. Patrick 08:30 The Vikings 09:32 Henry II and the Anglo-Normans 14:00 The Tudors, Nine Years War and Protestant Plantations 18:05 Cromwell 22:53 Scots-Irish and the United Irishmen 27:56 Vinegar Hill 1796 29:28 Act of Union 32:00 Potato Famine 34:42 Thomas Malthus 38:12 Abdul Mejid I & Ottoman Aid 39:13 Young Ireland Movement 41:20 Fenian Brotherhood 42:26 Stephens and the Irish Republican Brotherhood 43:19 American Civil War 49:15 Fenian Rising 50:34 Fremantle, Australia 57:48 John Boyle O'Reilly 1:03:14 Fenian invasions of Canada 1:05:18 The Catalpa Rescue 1:26:27 Easter Uprising 1916 1:28:58 Partition 1:31:51 Closing Remarks ERRATA / CORRIGENDA: (please raise any errors in the comment section and we'll endeavour to list them here) If you enjoy my content, leave your suggestions and comments below, and please consider making a donation via the heart-shaped Thanks link on your Youtube screen; via PayPal; or why not sign up as a Patreon supporter to help me continue making these unfunded educational videos: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=4D958V58PAVDU https://www.patreon.com/heroesandlegends https://buymeacoffee.com/infoQh For an audio-narration only version of this video please visit the Heroes and Legends Documentary Channel Podcast, via Spotify, Itunes or other leading broadcasters. For resources, links to my other videos, merchandise, the latest social media posts and podcast links, please visit my Heroes and Legends Website: www.heroesandlegends.com.au ... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XS7COJeHltE